Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 – August 19, 1969) was the leading architect of the modernist style.
Born in Aachen, Germany in 1886 as Ludwig Mies, he worked in his father's stone-carving shop before he moved to Berlin and joined the office of Bruno Paul. He worked at the design studio of Peter Behrens from 1908 to 1912, where he was exposed to the current design theories and to progressive German culture.A physically imposing, deliberative, and reticent man, the talented Ludwig Mies renamed himself as part of his rapid transformation from a tradesman's son to an architect working with Berlin's cultural elite, adding the more aristocratic surname "van der Rohe". He began his independent professional career designing upper class homes in traditional Germanic domestic styles. He admired the broad proportions and cubic volumes of early nineteenth century Prussian Neo-Classical architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, while dismissing the eclectic and cluttered classical of the turn of the century .Creation of the Internet critical regionalism crystallite current production customs and daily life degradation of the rainforests
But after World War I, Mies began to turn away from traditional styles, and joined his avant-garde peers in the search for a new style for a new era. The traditional styles were long under attack by progressive theorists since the mid-nineteenth century, primarily for attaching ornament unrelated to a modern structure's underlying construction. Their criticism gained substantial cultural credibility after the disaster of WW I, widely seen as a failure of the imperial leadership of Europe. The classical revival styles were reviled by many as the architecture of the now-discredited aristocratic system. Boldly abandoning ornament altogether, Mies made a dramatic splash with his stunning proposal for an all-glass skyscraper in 1921, and continued with a series of brilliant pioneering projects, culminating in the temporary German Pavilion for the Barcelona exposition in 1929 (a reproduction is now built on the original site) and the elegant Villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czech Republic, completed in 1930.Mies worked with the radical magazine G which started in July 1923. He developed prominence as architectural director of the Werkbund, organizing the influential Weissenhof prototype housing project. He was influenced by the aesthetic credos of both Russian Constructivism and the Dutch De Stijl group, and was impressed by the Prairie Style work of Frank Lloyd Wright. He joined the faculty of the Bauhaus school, teaching architecture. He designed modernist furniture pieces that have become popular classics, such as the Barcelona chair and table, and the Brno chair.Mies new style
Mies adopted an ambitious lifelong mission to create not only a new style, but also a new architecture that would represent a new epoch just as Gothic architecture did for the middle ages. But the world-wide economic depression and the rise of the Nazis interrupted his quest.
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In the 1930s Mies served briefly as the last Director of the faltering Bauhaus, at the request of his friend and competitor Walter Gropius. Nazi political pressure forced Mies to close the school, a victim of its previous association with socialism, communism, and other progressive ideologies. He built very little in that decade (his major built commission was Philip Johnson's New York apartment), his style rejected by the Nazis as not "German" in character. He left his homeland reluctantly in 1937 as he saw his opportunity for future building commissions vanish, accepting a residential commission in Wyoming and then an offer to head an architectural school in Chicago. When he arrived in the United States after 30 years of practice in Germany, his reputation as a pioneer of modern architecture was already established by American promoters of the international style.Mies settled in Chicago, Illinois where he was appointed as head of the architecture school at Chicago's Armour Institute of Technology (later renamed Illinois Institute of Technology - IIT). One of his conditions for taking this position was that he would be commissioned to design the new buildings of the campus. Some of his most famous buildings still stand there, including Crown Hall, the home of IIT's School of Architecture. In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen, completing his severance from his native Germany. His 30 years as an American architect reflect a more consistent and mature approach towards achieving his goal of a new architecture for the 20th Century. He focused his efforts on the idea of enclosing large open "universal" spaces with clearly ordered structural frameworks, featuring manufactured steel shapes infilled with brick and glass. His early projects at the IIT campus and for developer Herb Greenwald opened the eyes of Americans to a style that culturally resonated as a natural progression of the almost forgotten 19th century Chicago School style. His architecture, with origins in the socialist International style became an accepted mode of building for large American corporations. His most significant projects in the US include the residential towers of 860-880 Lake Shore Dr, the Farnsworth House, Crown Hall School of Design and other structures at IIT, all in and around Chicago, and the Seagram Headquarters building in New York. Between 1946 and 1951 Mies van der Rohe designed and built the Farnsworth House, a weekend retreat for an independent professional woman, Dr. Edith Farnsworth outside of Chicago . This small masterpiece showed the world that exposed structural steel and glass were materials capable of great architecture. The glass pavilion is raised above a floodplain next to the Fox River on exposed H-shape steel columns set in parallel rows. Suspended between the columns are three horizontal steel-edged slabs (terrace, main floor, and roof). The pristine white structure defines an interior space enclosed in full height glass, letting nature and light envelop the interior space. A wood paneled core (housing mechanical equipment, kitchen, fireplace, and toilets) is positioned within the open space to define the living, dining and sleeping spaces without using actual walls or rooms. No partitions touch the surrounding glass enclosure. Full height draperies on a perimeter track provide shading and privacy when and where desired. The house has been described as sublime, a temple hovering between heaven and earth, a poem, a work of art. The Farnsworth House and its 60 acre wooded site was purchased at auction for US$7.5 million by preservation groups in 2004 and is now operated by the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois as a public museum. The influential building spawned hundreds of modernist glass houses, most notably the Glass House by Philip Johnson, located near New York City and now owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The iconic Farnsworth House is considered among Mies's greatest works, an embodiment of his principles of order, clarity and simplicity. During 1951-1952, Mies designed the McCormick House, located in Elmhurst, Illinois (15 miles west of the Chicago Loop), for real-estate developer Robert Hall McCormick Jr. as a summer home. Conceptually based on one floor of his famous Lake Shore Drive towers, it served as a prototype for a series of row-houses to be built in Melrose Park, Illinois, even though they were never realized. The house exists today as a part of the Elmhurst Art Museum.early space exploration engineered wood environment and ecosystem expressionist architecture fields of mathematics
In 1958 Mies van der Rohe designed what has been regarded as the pinnacle of the modern high-rise architecture, the Seagram Building in New York. Mies was chosen by the daughter of the client, Phyllis Bronfman Lambert, who has become an architectural figure in her own right. The Seagram Building has become an icon of that new institution of the 20th Century, the corporation. Controversially, the architect chose to set the structure back, include a massive plaza and fountain, and create an open space in Park Avenue. Mies had to argue with the Bronfman's bankers about exploiting all of the site. More controversially Mies included external I-beams that were not structurally necessary but that "expressed" the structure, touching off a conversation about whether Mies had or had not committed the crime of ornamentation. Philip Johnson had a role in designing the plaza and the Four Seasons restaurant. The Seagram Building is said to also be the first major "fast-track" construction process, when design and construction are done concurrently.Mies designed and built many modern high-rises in Chicago's downtown and elsewhere. Some of his credits include the Federal Building (1959), IBM Plaza (1966) and 860–880 Lake Shore Drive (1948-52), the first building to use an all glass and steel curtain wall in its construction, the hallmark of the modern skyscraper. (Ironically, Mies himself lived in a pre-World War II building during his whole residence in Chicago.) Two last major projects were the Toronto-Dominion Centre in 1967 in Toronto, Ontario, the first of the bank skyscrapers to be built in that city, and the Neue Nationalgalerie art museum in Berlin.Mies played a significant role as an educator, believing his architectural ideas could be taught. He worked personally and intensively on prototype solutions, and then allowed his students, both in school and his office, to develop derivative solutions for specific projects under his guidance. But when none were able to match his genius, he agonized about where he had gone wrong.Famous for his poetic aphorisms "Less is More" and "God is in the details", Mies sought to create clear, simple and ordered spaces through an architecture based on exposing the inherent qualities of materials and the expression of structural frameworks. Over the last twenty years of his life, Mies achieved his vision of a monumental "skin and bones" architecture that reflected his goal to symbolize the modern era.food processor gemstone gemstones history history museums how laser printers works imperial russia and modern russia
Education of Architects
Mies placed great importance on education of architects who could carry on his design principles. He devoted a great deal of time and effort leading the architecture program at IIT. His own practice was based on intensive personal involvement in design efforts to create prototype solutions for building types (860 Lake Shore Dr, the Farnsworth, Seagram, Crown Hall, The New National Gallery), then allowing his studio designers to develop derivative buildings under his supervision. Mies's grandson Dirk Lohan and two partners led the firm after he died in 1969. Lohan, who had collaborated with Mies on the New National Gallery, continued with existing projects but soon led the firm on his own independent path. Other disciples continued his teachings for a few years, notably Gene Summers, David Haid, Myron Goldsmith, Jaques Brownsom, Helmut Jahn, and other architects at the firms of C.F. Murphy and Skidmore Owings & Merrill.
But while Mies' work had enormous influence and critical recognition, his approach failed to sustain a creative force as a style after his death and was eclipsed by the new wave of Post Modernism by the 1980's. He had hoped his architecture would serve as a universal model that could be easily imitated, but the aesthetic power of his best buildings proved impossible to match, instead resulting mostly in drab and uninspired structures.Mies van der Rohe is buried in Uptown's Graceland Cemetery.
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